What defines quantitative research in sociology?

Quantitative research in sociology is characterized by the collection of numerical data, which allows for the application of statistical analysis. This approach enables researchers to quantify relationships, patterns, and trends within social phenomena, making it possible to draw conclusions based on measurable data. The emphasis is on objectivity and the ability to generalize findings across populations, relying heavily on methods such as surveys and experiments that generate numerical results.

In contrast, the other methods mentioned do not align with quantitative research. Gaining insights through in-depth interviews focuses on qualitative data, providing rich, detailed information about individuals' experiences but lacking quantifiable metrics. Similarly, utilizing focus groups aims at understanding behavior through interactive discussions, which also yields qualitative insights rather than numerical data. Lastly, observational studies without numerical data fall under qualitative research, as they involve descriptive, non-numerical observations of social settings and behaviors. Thus, the hallmark of quantitative research is its reliance on numerical data for statistical analysis, setting it apart from qualitative methodologies.